Spatiotemporal changes in water, land use, and ecosystem services in Central Asia considering climate changes and human activities

Central Asia is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, comprising Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan; over 93.00% total area dryland. Temperature rise human activities have severe impacts on fragile ecosystems. Since 1970s, nearly half great lakes shrunk rivers are drying rapidly owing to climate changes activities. Water shortage ecological crisis attracted extensive international attention. In general, ecosystem services declining, particularly with respect biodiversity, water, soil conservation. Furthermore, annual average temperature precipitation increased by 0.30°C/decade 6.9 mm/decade recent decades, respectively. significantly affected glacier retreat Tianshan Mountains Pamir Mountains, which may intensify water 21st century. The increase cannot counterbalance aggravation caused Asia. population growing gradually, its economy increasing steadily. Moreover, agricultural land has not been expended last two decades. Thus, crises, such as Aral Sea shrinkage century, be attributed agriculture extension any longer. Unbalanced regional development interception/transfer led irrational exploitation resources some watersheds, inducing downstream degradation. addition, accelerated industrialization urbanization intensified this process. Therefore, all Asian countries must urgently reach a consensus adopt common measures for protection.